Abstract: This paper presents a detailed guided on applying fuzzification techniques to enhance the performance of phase-locked loops (PLLs). PLLs are widely used in high-frequency applications where ...

This is Part 2 of a three-part series. As discussed in Part 1 and recapped here, modern wireless communications systems (mainly superheterodyne radio transceivers) are now required to deliver higher ...

This is Part 1 of a three-part series. As modern wireless communications systems (mainly superheterodyne radio transceivers) are now required to deliver higher performance than ever before, they’re ...

Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) services are essential for supporting various aspects of modern society. Fields such as communications, transportation, and military operations heavily rely ...

Abstract: Carrier synchronization is a fundamental stage in the receiver side of any communication or positioning system. Traditional carrier phase tracking techniques are based on well-known ...

The lock-in amplifier allows tiny signals from sensors to be captured with precision despite unavoidable noise limitations and other test and measurement challenges of the signal chain. Part 1 of this ...

Clock jitter is a parameter which affects system performance and can degrade otherwise superior component specifications. This article is a basic explanation of clock jitter and some of its effects, ...

SerDes (serializers/deserializers) are devices that can take wide bit-width, single-ended signal buses and compress them to a few, typically one, differential signal ...

Few topics in electrical engineering have demanded as much attention over the years as the phase-locked loop (PLL). The PLL is arguably one of the most important building blocks necessary for modern ...