Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Early detection of pulmonary nodules is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective treatment. Conventional computer-aided ...

The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that lung cancer remains one of the most dominant and deadly forms of cancer. The organization accounts for approximately 1.8 million deaths annually 1. The ...

Lung cancer remains a global health challenge that is unavoidable. Despite the advances in lung cancer classification using deep learning models, the performance remains highly dependent on ...