Communication systems form the backbone of modern technology, enabling the transfer of information across various platforms. At the heart of these systems lies modulation, a technique used to encode ...

The performance of a mid-infrared laser heterodyne radiometer (MIR-LHR) based on a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) mirror is demonstrated in ground-based solar occultation mode. A MEMS mirror ...

Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS), a trace gas sensing technology based on infrared absorption spectroscopy, has been developed rapidly in the past few decades. The advantages of low ...

Lock-in amplifiers were invented in the 1930s [1, 2, 3] and commercialized [4] in the mid 20 th century as electrical instruments that are capable of extracting signal amplitudes and phases in ...