Abstract: Water has fundamental impoitance for life on earth. Adequate water supplies are essential for human consumption, agriculture, industry, and recreation. However, freshwater is rapidly being ...

ABSTRACT: With increasing freshwater demand and rising water scarcity, reverse osmosis (RO) has become a key method for seawater desalination; however, accurately modeling RO remains challenging due ...

Abstract: The traditional approach to water level monitoring, using sensor devices to automatically measure levels in tanks or reservoirs, is costly and requires regular maintenance. This makes ...