Figure 1. A closed-circuit cooler. Photos courtesy of Evapco. It’s a common question during the early design phase of large mechanical systems: Is open- or closed-loop cooling equipment better suited ...

TfL combines open and closed loop systems, using Oyster Cards, contactless card payments, and NFC Google or Apple pay, alongside physical ticketing. Transport for London (TfL) has long been regarded ...

Closed-loop pumped-hydro storage offers more chances to minimize environmental effects on water sources and overcomes the problem of finding suitable sites. According to an Australian research team, ...

Indian researchers have compiled an extensive review of all existing synchronization techniques for grid-connected PV systems. They divided the methods into open-loop and closed-loop systems and ...

People with type 1 diabetes require continuous insulin treatment and must regularly measure their glucose levels. With open-loop therapies*, insulin administration is manually controlled, while hybrid ...

SAN DIEGO — The next advance in spinal cord stimulation (SCS) could be a closed-loop system that uses evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) to maintain therapeutic activation, results of the phase ...

In the audio world, the debate over closed-loop versus open-loop architectures has raged on for many years. Depending on the end-application or customer preference, valid arguments for both ...

In feedback systems loop gain, open loop gain, and closed loop gain are all concepts that are important to understand. The transfer function for closed loop gain is: The quantity A is known as the ...

This new study of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes from France and Belgium investigated the effectiveness of insulin delivery via closed-loop and open-loop systems. Closed-loop delivery of ...

Stepper motor systems are highly efficient when producing torque, but lack operational efficiency when not producing torque. Applied Motion Products offers insights on how to make a greener and more ...