What are “complex systems” in this context? These are noncomputer systems, such as a company’s supply chain. A system is “complex” when it has so many variables and interacting forces that it can’t be ...

Complex adaptive systems (CASs) are groups of semi-autonomous agents that interact in interdependent ways, to produce system-wide patterns. All CASs share common features, regardless of whether the ...

Fleming, L., and O. Sorenson. "Technology as a Complex Adaptive System: Evidence from Patent Data." Research Policy 30, no. 7 (August 2001).

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. Ron Schmelzer covers AI and data best practices at Forbes since 2018 Around a decade ago, as AI gained renewed attention, one of ...