Figure 1. A closed-circuit cooler. Photos courtesy of Evapco. It’s a common question during the early design phase of large mechanical systems: Is open- or closed-loop cooling equipment better suited ...

TfL combines open and closed loop systems, using Oyster Cards, contactless card payments, and NFC Google or Apple pay, alongside physical ticketing. Transport for London (TfL) has long been regarded ...

Closed-loop pumped-hydro storage offers more chances to minimize environmental effects on water sources and overcomes the problem of finding suitable sites. According to an Australian research team, ...

People with type 1 diabetes require continuous insulin treatment and must regularly measure their glucose levels. With open-loop therapies*, insulin administration is manually controlled, while hybrid ...

In feedback systems loop gain, open loop gain, and closed loop gain are all concepts that are important to understand. The transfer function for closed loop gain is: The quantity A is known as the ...

This new study of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes from France and Belgium investigated the effectiveness of insulin delivery via closed-loop and open-loop systems. Closed-loop delivery of ...