Causal inference in observational settings seeks to estimate the effect of exposures, treatments or interventions on outcomes in the absence of random assignment. Unlike experimental designs, ...

A new method of observing and measuring interactions between students and teachers could have interesting impacts on academic achievement. Research has shown that interactions between students and ...

In Figures (a) and (b), the colors depict the uncertainty levels before and after applying optimal observations. In Figure (b), the labeled points and numbers indicate the positions of mooring sites ...