Graphical representations model complex networks by encoding entities as vertices and interactions as edges, with recurring subgraphs—or motifs—revealing fundamental organizational principles. We ...

The amino acid sequence of the transmembrane protein and its corresponding positions on the cell membrane are transformed into a hidden Markov process. After evaluating the parameters, the Viterbi ...

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a biologically inspired computational paradigm that emulates neuronal activity through discrete spike-based processing. Despite their advantages, training SNNs ...

With the development of satellite networks, space-air-ground integrated networks, and the Internet of Things, the future giant constellations, high-resolution Earth observation, human-crewed ...