Hidden Markov models (HMMs) provide a powerful framework for inferring unobserved processes that evolve over time or space by linking an underlying Markovian state sequence to observed data via ...

The amino acid sequence of the transmembrane protein and its corresponding positions on the cell membrane are transformed into a hidden Markov process. After evaluating the parameters, the Viterbi ...

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a biologically inspired computational paradigm that emulates neuronal activity through discrete spike-based processing. Despite their advantages, training SNNs ...