Optical computing uses photons instead of electrons to perform computations, which can significantly increase the speed and energy efficiency of computations by overcoming the inherent limitations of ...

Optical computing has been limited to vector–matrix multiplications, with matrix–matrix operations requiring wavelength- or time-division multiplexing, reducing energy efficiency and speed. Now, ...

The integration of electromagnetic waves into analogue computing systems has provided opportunities for ultrafast, low-power computations. Traditional metasurfaces often face challenges in ...