In 1867, Frederick A. P. Barnard, a mathematician and the president of Columbia University in New York, served as a judge at the Exposition universelle, a world’s fair held in Paris. There he saw a ...

IIIF provides researchers rich metadata and media viewing options for comparison of works across cultural heritage collections. Visit the IIIF page to learn more. This manually operated, non-printing ...

Invented by Leonardo Torres in 1920, the Torres calculating machine is a machine that solves essential addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems using a simple manner. It was a ...